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Index of Land Grants & Lawsuits

Excerpted from Land Grants and Lawsuits in Northern New Mexico © 1994, 2008 Malcolm Ebright. Original edition, UNM Press, Albuquerque, 1994. More Information about the book. For definitions of terms used see Glossary.
Abiquíu, 26, 67, 134; and genízaros, 147; grant, 52; resettlement decree, 146; settlement
- - - pattern in, 193
abogado, 61
Abreu, Governor Santiago, 73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 296 n7; duties of, 304 n58; and Gallinas settlers,
- - - 116
Acequia Madre de los Señores Roybales de Jacona, 252
Agua Sarca, 183, 193, 199, 207
Aguas Calientes, 206
alcalde: and custom in N.M., 79, 83, 132-33; and document copies, 130, 131, 132, 134;
- - - duties of, 62-64, 65-66, 67, 68, 69; and fencing of Ciénega, 96-98; powers of, 23-24, 27, 65, 67,
- - - 68, 73-74, 81-82, 88, 108, 121, 132, 134, 137, 183, 317 n32
alcaldes de corte, 15
Alencaster, Governor Joaquín Real, 108
Alexander Valle grant, 173
Alvarez, Manuel, 93-94, 233
Anconcito, 130
Anglo-American law, 69, 122-23; and common lands, 268; and conflict with Hispanic
- - - system, 38, 113-15, 122-23, 266-67; and English common law, 267; property law, 38; and
- - - use-rights, 268
Anton Chico community grant, 41-42, 174, 182; overlapping boundaries, 174;
- - - settlement pattern, 174
Antonio Ortiz grant, 173-74; boundaries of, 204; survey of, 206
Anza, Governor Juan Bautista de, 251-52
Apodaca, 130, 139-40
apoderado, 63
Aragón, Juan, 208
arboles frutales, see common land
Archuleta, Juan Andrés, 185-86
Archuleta, Miguel, 181
Arellano, Anselmo, 266
Arguello, Juan de, 147, 150
Arguello, Juana Gregoria Brito, 147
Arias de Quiros, Diego, 64, 91, 92, 250; petition to governor, 91, 94; voiding of grant to, 96
Armenta, Antonio de, 236
Armijo, Governor Manuel, 61, 65, 67, 68, 183, 185, 198, 234, 270; and Ciénega, 99-100; and
- - - John Scolly grant, 191
Arroyo Hondo grant, 203 n30
Arroyo Seco, 57
asamblea, 99-100
asesor, 61-62, 82
Atkinson, Henry M. (Surveyor General), 41, 150, 206, 270; and Anton Chico, 41-42; and
document forgery, 235; and Rito de Los Frijoles, 237; as speculator, 241; surveys
- - - under, 241; and survey of Ramón Vigil grant, 238-39, 241; unethical conduct of, 42, 241
Atrisco grant, 249
audiencia, 15-16
Axtell, Samuel B., 43
ayuntamiento, 27, 65, 68, 69, 312 n70; appointment of experts by, 74; independence of, 81-82;
- - - and leasing of Ciénega, 96-98; and loss of Ciénega, 98-100; and new settlements, 180-81;
- - - powers of, 73-75, 79, 80-82, 83, 87, 88, 96-98, 137, 180, 183; relationship with Territorial
- - - Deputation, 948-100; role in determining custom, 83; of San Miguel del Bado, 173, 185;
- - - of Santa Fe, 96-98
Baca y Sandoval, Francisco, 205
Baca, Governor Bartolomé, 176, 185
Baca, Manuel Antonio, 176, 186, 189
Baca, Salvador, 149
Barreiro, Asesor Antonio, 61-62, 82-83; and Gallina allotments, 116-119
Bartolome Trujillo grant, 229
Beaubien-Miranda (Maxwell grant), 27, 40, 45, 266; survey of, 39
Belén, 26
Benavides, Rafael, 185-86
Bishop, W.C., 242
Black Mesa grant, 228-29
Blackmore, William, 112
Boggs, Thomas, H., 234-35
Bond, Frank: and Forest Service policy, 164; and Las Trampas common lands, 155;
- - - purchaser of Ramón Vigil grant, 245, 246; and quiet title suit, 157-58, 160
Botiller v. Domínguez, 34-35, 36
Boundaries: 33, 205, 207; of Cabesa de Baca grant, 177; of Embudo grant, 127; forgery
- - - in, 111; Gallina allotments in San Joaquín grant, 115-21; General Land Office rule,
- - - 239; in Hispanic custom, 239; of Las Trampas grant, 147, 150-51; of Las Vegas grant,
- - - 177, 204-09; litigation of, 111-13, 122-23, 250; marking of, 24; of New Mexico land grants,
- - - 110-11; of Pedro Sánchez and San Ildefonso, 228, 229-30; and Picuris Pueblo, 127-29;
- - - of Ramón Vigil grant, 231-34; of Sanguijuela grant, 190; of San Joaquín grant, 108-13,
- - - 122-23; and Surveyor General, 38; of Tecolote grant, 185; and water rights, 197
Bowden, J. J., 265
Bradfute, Richard, 127
Buckman, H.S., 242
burden of proof, 34, 264
Bureau of Land Management , 139-42, 272; and color of title patent, 140-41, 319 n61; and
- - - Embudo grant, 139-42; and private land, 139-40
Bustamante, Governor Juan Domingo de, 127, 317 n33
C. de Baca, Ezequiel, 217
Cabesa de Baca, Juan Antonio, 176
Cabesa de Baca, Luis María, 171; and Antonio Ortiz, 175; and Cochiti litigation, 174-75;
- - - grant boundaries, 177; heirs and common lands, 204; and Las Vegas grant, 175-78; and
- - - Santo Domingo litigation, 175; settlement on grant, 177-78
Cabildo of Santa Fe, 91; and Ciénega, 91-92, 94-95; and Municipal funds, 303 nn45, 46; d
Cadallos y Rabal, Governor, 145
Caja del Río grant, 52
California Board of Land Commissioners, 32, 33
California, 69; customary law in, 33; grant conditions in, 36; grant adjudication in, 32-37,
- - - 136, 265; legal procedures in, 63-64; pueblo rights doctrine in, 196; statute difference with
- - - New Mexico, 45-46; Supreme Court decisions in, 34, 37; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in,
- - - 136; validity of land grants in, 33
Campo Redondo, José, 130
Campos, Judge Santiago, 166-68
Cañada de los Alamos, 158
Cañada de los Animas, 153
Cañada del Salitre, 183, 193, 199
Cañon de Chama grant (San Joaquín grant), 106-08
Cañoncito, 130, 139-40
Cañones, 266
Carlson, Alvar, 269, 270, 271
Cartwright v. Public Service Company of New Mexico, See Cases
Casados, José Antonio, 181
Cases: Botiller v. Dominguez, 34-35, 36; Cartwright v. Public Service Company of New
- - - Mexico, 171, 182, 196-98; Hayes v. United States, 46-47, 131, 137-38; Milhiser v. Padilla,
- - - 210-15, 220; Priest v. Rodriguez, 156-57; Rio Arriba Land and Cattle Company v.
- - - United States, 111-13; Sanchez v. Fletcher, 242; Tameling v. U.S. Freehold and
- - - Emigration Co., 206; United States v. Chaves, 50-51; United States v. Fremont, 36-37;
- - - United States v. Percheman, 32, 34-36; United States v. Sandoval, 48, 113, 122-23, 197,
- - - 266, 267-69, 271
Catron, Charles C., 145, 155, 156, 157, 168, 266, 271; Las Trampas settlement, 158; trickery
- - - of, 160, 163; and use-rights, 163-64, 266, 271
Catron, Thomas Benton, 42, 112, 174, 210, 213, 266, 271; and Pueblo Quemado grant, 47; and
- - - San Cristóbal grant, 43; and Santa Fe Ring, 43; speculation of, 241, 348 n63
Chacón, Governor Fernando, 82, 131, 134, 171
Chacón, José de Jesús, 116
Chacón, Tomás, 120
Chambers, Marjorie Bell, 225
Chamisal, 150, 153, 158
Chávez, Amado, 154
Chávez, General José María, 112
Chávez, Governor José Antonio, 119, 191, 198
Chávez, José María, 75, 120
Chávez, José, 99-100
Chávez, Santiago (Jaime), 167
Chevalier, François, 265
Chilili grant, 249
Chimayó, 25, 145
Church, Peggy Pond, 246
Cieneguilla, 82
Ciénega, 12, 26; classification of, 101; as commons, 88, 90-92; fencing of, 96-98; grant to
- - - Arias de Quiros, 92, 93, 94; leasing of, 96-98; mortgage of, 99-100; as municipal property,
- - - 99-100; as propios, 88, 92, 94, 96; as realengas, 91; and stubble grazing, 90-91; suit by John
- - - Langham, 96-98;
civil law, and difference with common law, 69-70
claimant: and burden of proof, 46-47; and continuous possession, 51; and documentation,
- - - 50; legal representation of, 47; and presumptions, 44-45; rights, 46-47
claims: through original grantees, 210, 214-15
Clark, Surveyor General John, 131
Cochiti Pueblo: and Cabesa de Baca litigation, 174-75
Codallos y Rabal, Governor Joaquín, 145
Coleman, Clayton, Deputy Surveyor, 151
colonization pueblo, 196
Common land, 38, 87-88; abrevaderos, 14; in Anton Chico grant, 41; beneficiaries of, 269-- - -
70; Ciénega as, 90-92, 100-01; and claims by heirs of original grantees, 210, 216; and
- - - conflict between Hispanic and Anglo -American legal systems, 266-67; and concept of
- - - title, 271; and Court of Private Land Claims, 112-13; and custom, 115; determination of,
- - - 153; dispossession of, 42; ejido, 14; and 1801 Enclosure Act, 267; and English common
- - - law, 267; and environmentalists, 271; fencing of, 210-15, 216, 266-69; and Forest Service,
- - - 268, 269-70; history of, 14, 105-06; and international law, 113-14; and land reform, 19;
- - - leña, 11, 14; and Las Gorras Blancas, 214-16; loss of, 258, 268-70;management of in
- - - Las Vegas, 217-19; and Mexican law, 213-14; in Mexico, 14; as National Forest, 123;
- - - New Mexico names for, 105-06; in New Mexico, 14, 105-06; ownership of, 105-06, 112-15,
- - - 121; and partition suit, 42-43, 151, 153, 257; pastos, 11, 14; private allotments on, 105-06,
- - - 108, 112-13, 121-22; as private property, 209, 214, 266, 268-69; as public domain, 204, 206,
- - - 209, 213, 214; sale of in Las Vegas grant, 218-19; and Sandoval decision, 49, 268-69; in
- - - San Joaquín grant, 108, 110-11; settlement agreement at Las Trampas, 158-60; Spanish
- - - government ownership of, 105, 111, 112-15; and Spanish pueblo, 106; theories of ownership
- - - of, 209-15; tierras baldías, 87; tierras concegiles, 87, 105-06, 113-14; timber cutting on, 214-
- - - 15; United States ownership of, 162, 268, 269; use-rights on, 158-60, 168; water rights on,
- - - 271, 307 n18
Committee on Private Land Claims of House of Representatives, 40
Common pasture, 68
Community land grant: and agricultural improvement, 194, 199; allotments in, 24-25;
- - - conditions for, 18, 23, 24-25, 181-82; common lands on, 25, 105-06, 190-91; custom in,
14, 121-22; exclusive rights on, 190-91; and international law, 113-14; and land grant
- - - boards, 259; in Mexico, 18; in New Mexico, 18, 24-25, 26, 105-06; and official land
- - - monopoly, 183; overlapping boundaries, 174; ownership of common lands, 105-10,
- - - 113-14, 121-22, 209, 213, 219; and partition suit, 151; private property in, 106, 108, 121-22,
- - - 153; rights in common, 190; settlement patterns in, 26, 173, 174, 193-94; and Spanish
- - - pueblo, 105-06, 113-14; Spanish government ownership of, 111, 112-15; after Treaty of
- - - Guadalupe Hidalgo, 38; United States jurisdiction over, 258; water rights on,171, 307 n18 Concepción, 199, 218
conciliación, 62-64
conquistador, 13; in New Mexico, 22; and encomienda, 14, 22
continuous possession, 50, 51, 93
cordel, 24
Córdova, Lasaro de, 127
Córdova, 146
Cortés, Fernando, 14, 19
Council of the Indies, 16
council, role of in Spain, 11
Court of Private Land Claims, 27, 35, 45-51, 52, 59, 270; adjudication process under, 45-51,
- - - 235-36; and appeals, 49-50; and burden of proof, 46, 264; confirmation rate of, 37, 51; and
- - - custom, 45-46; and customary law, 133-34; and Embudo grant confirmation, 131-32;
- - - establishment of, 45-46; fairness of, 40, 47, 50, 137, 138-39, 141-42; and Gallina
- - - settlement, 120; and grant rejection, 49-50, 133, 139, 142; and grant validity, 136-37; and
- - - international law, 113-14; and Jacona grant confirmation, 252-54; jurisdiction of, 127;
- - - and legal representation, 47; and overlapping claims, 40; procedure of, 46-47, 112; and
- - - presumptions, 46, 133-37; and Rito de los Frijoles grant, 237; and San Joaquín grant,
- - - 111-13; and Spanish law, 132, 135-36; and surveyor general system, 46
courts, in Spain, 60
Córdova, 25
Crawford, Stanley, 264
Cristóbal de la Serna grant, 26, 258, 299 n40, 312-13 n76
crop damage, 19-21, 26
Cubero community grant, 50-51
Cubero, Governor Pedro Rodríguez, 249
Cuervo y Valdez, Governor Francisco, 90
Cundiyó grant, and title clearance project, 145, 258, 259
custom, and acequias, 264, 271; in Anglo-American law, 45-46; and appointment of experts,
- - - 92; and burden of proof, 264; and common lands, 57-59, 87-88, 91-92, 96, 100; evidence of,
- - - 133, 135; fuero, 12-13, 59-60, 65; in international law, 46; legality of, 132-33, 135; and
- - - municipal lands, 87-88, 100-01; and propios, 87-88; and public land use, 87-88; in Spain,
- - - 87-88; and stubble grazing, 20-21, 90-91; in use of Ciénega, 90-91, 100-01; and water
- - - disputes, 73-76, 79, 83; and water rights, 57-59, 91-93, 94-96, 263-64
customary law, 27, 38, 132-33; Anglo-American, 69-70; and appointment of experts, 74; in
- - - California, 33; defined, 83; evidence favoring claimant, 134-35; fuero, 12-13, 59-60, 65;
- - - and grant validity, 133-34; and local government powers, 79, 132-34; Moorish, 12;
- - - in New Mexico, 3-4, 21, 23-25, 61, 67-69, 115, 121-22; in resolving disputes, 73, 83; in
- - - Spain, 11-16, 67; in Spanish pueblo, 14; during Spanish-Mexican Period, 68-69, 133;
- - - stubble grazing, 20-21, 90-91
Cuyamungue grant, 52, 252
deBuys, William, 53, 269-70
Delgado, Marcos, 77, 79-80
Diamante, 158
Dixon, 129
documents: certified copies of, 130-134, 138; forgery, 52, 111, 130-34; and land grant heirs,
- - - 38
Domínguez, Ben F., 165-68
Domínguez-Escalante expedition, 131
Domínguez, Fray Francisco Atanasio, 149-50
Doña Ana Bend Colony grant, 51
Durán, Manuel, 181
Durán, Miguel, 95
Duval, John C., 238-39
ejido, 18, 105-06
El Bosque, 130
El Llano, 153
El Prado, 57
El Valle, 149, 150, 153, 158
Elkins, Stephen B., 43, 213
Ellison, Samuel, 252
Embudo grant, 145, 271-72: boundaries requested, 127; BLM management of, 139-41; and
- - - Cieneguilla grant, 131; continuous occupation of, 131, 133-34; documentation in, 127, 130,
- - - 131, 132, 133, 134; grant rejection, 132; and Indian raids, 129; Picuris protest, 129;
- - - settlement of, 129-31; Spanish recognition of, 134
encomienda: history of, 14-15; in Mexico, 14; in New Mexico, 15, 21-22, 193-94
English common law, 267. See also Anglo-American law
Enríquez, Miguel, 127
escribano, 130: powers of, 132; lack of in New Mexico, 132, 130, 316 n22
Esquibel, Felix, 217
experts, appointment of, 74, 92, 95
Federal Small Holding Claims, 268
fencing: of Ciénega, 96-98; of Las Vegas common lands, 210-14, 215-16
Fiske, Eugene, 131
Flipper, Henry Ossian, 47, 135
Flores Mogollón, Governor Juan Ignacio: and Ciénega, 91-92, 94, 101
Florida treaty, 31-32, 33, 34, 136, 265
Forest Service, 52-54; and grazing rights, 53; and policy changes, 53-54
Forest Service, 123; and Domínguez and López case, 165-68; and grazing rights, 53; land
- - - management of, 268-70, 272; and Land Title Study, 165; and Las Trampas title, 161; and
- - - permits, 164-66; and policy changes, 53-54, 162-65; and public domain, 269; Stumpage
- - - Appraisal Report, 162, 167; and Tierra Amarilla, 165; and use-rights agreements, 162-68
forgery: boundary, 236-37; document, 52, 111, 130-34; and Court of Private Land Claims,
- - - 235; of grant to Pedro Sánchez, 225-27, 233-34; of Orejas del Llano de los Aguajes grant,
- - - 235-36; of Peralta-Reavis grant, 236; and Roque Lovato grant, 240; of Santa Teresa de
- - - Jesús grant, 236; of Sierra Mosca grant, 240; of Uña del Gato grant, 240 document, 52
Forrest, Suzanne, 53
Fort Union, 210
Fremont, John C., 36-37
Frost, Max, 214
Fuero Juzgo, 12
fuero, 12-13, 59-60, 65
Fuller, Justice Melville, W., 112-13
Gabaldón grant, 52
Gadsden Treaty, 30, 59
Gallegos, Isidoro, 217
Gallegos, Padre Manuel, 97
Gallegos, Pedro Ignacio, 74, 77, 79, 116-18, 119-20, 121
Gallina allotments, 115-21
Gallinas, 218
Galván-Rivera, Mariano, 114-15
Garcia y Chávez, Miguel, 210
García de la Mora, Manuel, 108-10
García, Juan, 97
García, Juan and Joaquina, 147
García, Mateo, 119, 120, 121
General Land Office, 41, 150, 151, 213; boundary rules, 239; and Las Vegas survey,
- - - 204-07; and Town of Las Vegas, 217
genízaros, 13, 146-47, 171
George E. Breece Lumber Company, 162
Germanic law, 12
Gijosa grant, 312-13 n76
Gomez Robledo family, 250
Gonzales, Andrés, 95
Gorras Blancas, 210, 214-16, 221
Governor of New Mexico: duties of, 91, 98, 99; powers of, 23, 27, 65, 67, 68, 73-74; and Santa
- - - Fe ayuntamiento, 948, 99
grazing lands: on community grants, 18; control of, 171, 173, 173, 177, 185-86, 190, 193-94;
- - - in Mexico, 18; on private grants, 18; use-rights on, 164-68
grazing rights: and Forest Service, 52-53; in Spain, 11
Griego, Antonio, 131
Griego, Juan, 195
Griego, María and Juana, 64
Grisham, Sandra and Jay Ortiz, 142
Guadalupita grant, 58
Gwyn, Thomas, 238-39
hacienda, 18-19, 265
Hall, Frederic, 123
Hall, G. Emlen, 266, 268-69
Halleck, Captain Henry, 33
Hayden, Thomas, 158
Hayes v. United States: presumption of authority, 46-47, 131, 137-38
Hayes, Father Thomas Aquinas: attack on survey, 238-39; and forgery, 240; history of,
- - - 237-38, 240; and purchase of heir interests, 239, 242; purchase of Ramón Vigil grant, 238;
- - - sale and purchase with Sorin, 238; sale to Smith and Sheldon, 239, 240, 242; and
- - - speculation, 239-40
Hays, May, 210
Herrera, Cosme, 255-57, 258
Herrera, Manuel de, 193
Hispanic land grant settlers: and Anglo -American law, 38, 42-43
Hispanic land reform program, 52
Hispanic law: and Anglo-American legal system, 268; and existence of pueblo rights
- - - doctrine, 171, 196-97, 198; and grant violations, 270; land loss, 266-647, 268-69, 270; legal
- - - system, 266-67; property rights, 32-37; and pueblo, 198-99; water rights, 263-64, 271
Hobart, Surveyor General Edward F., 151, 215, 216
Hoffman, Judge Ogden, 36
hombre bueno, 62-64
Homestead laws, 38, 48, 209, 210, 213, 214, 220, 268
Hot Springs, 183, 199, 206, 207
Houghten, Joab, 205, 206, 210
House Committee on Private Land Claims, 110
House Joint Memorial No. 5, 162
Ilfeld, Charles, 214, 217
Indian labor. See encomienda
Indian land, 26: and crop damage, 19-21; and encomienda, 21-22; and legal
- - - representation, 62, 129, 317 n33; loss of, 19; in Mexico, 19-21; in New Mexico, 23;
- - - and power to object to grants, 23; property rights, 94; Pueblo Indian, 22; and
- - - Spanish encroachment, 65-67; and stubble grazing, 20-21
Indian raids, 129-30, 134, 145, 146, 147, 149, 182, 186, 192, 195, 198, 199; on Anton Chico grant,
- - - 174; on Cabesa de Baca grant, 177-78; on Ortiz and Preston Beck grants, 174; and
- - - San Joaquín abandonment, 119; and settlement patterns, 179, 180, 194, 195; on Tecolote
- - - grant, 178, 185; on Trujillo grant, 229
international law, 113-14; doctrine of acquired rights, 115, 121, 290 n168; land grant
- - - adjudication under, 50; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 46-51; treaty violations of, 35
irrigation. See Acequia, Water rights.
Isleta Pueblo, 68-69
jacales, 209
Jacona grant: confirmation to heirs, 252-54; and Court of Private Land Claims, 252-54;
- - - documentation in, 249, 252; 1909 agreement, 255-57, 258; partition suit in, 254-55, 257;
- - - as private and community land grant, 257-58; quiet title suit, 255, 264; residents'
- - - purchase of, 255-57; settlement at, 251-52; survey of, 254; and surveyor general, 252
Jacona Pueblo, 249
Jenkins, Dr. Myra Ellen, 106
Jémez Pueblo, 68
Jicarilla Apache, 82
Johnson, Referee Ernest A., 152-53, 154, 155
Johnson, Referee R.M., 211
Jones, William Carey, 33, 34
Joseph, Antonio, 43
judges, in N.M., 64
Julian, Surveyor General George Washington: 43-45, 110-11, 206, 207, 209, 216; and
- - - common lands, 45; confirmation record, 44; and presumptions, 44-45, 46, 110; and
- - - Spanish government ownership of common lands, 111, 113
junta departamental, 99-100
Kearny, General Stephen Watts, 28, 192, 193, 200, 203, 205
Kelleher, William, 266
Kutsche, Paul, 266
la Bolsa, 130
la Ciénega, 130
La Junta, 130, 192
La Majada grant, 52
La Monilla, 210
Lagunas, 199
Lagunitas, 209
land grant acquisition, 19, 41, 42: in Mexico, 18-19; partition suit, 42-43; principal settler
- - - buy-out, 41-42; during surveyor general period, 41-43; land acquisition by speculators,
- - - 19; in Mexico, 18-19
land grant adjudication: during Anglo-American period, 69-70; burden of proof, 34; in
- - - California, 32-37, 136; claimant burden, 136; constitutional, 39; and Court of Private
- - - Land Claims, 46-51; in Florida, 31-32, 33, 136; Gadsden Treaty, 30; and international
- - - law, 50, 113-14, 115, 121; in Louisiana, 31, 33, 136; in New Mexico, 36, 37-54, 58-59, 134-37,
- - - 265; presumptions, 44-47, 136-37; property rights guarantees, 33-34, 35; rule revisions, 44-
- - - 45; in Spanish-Mexican Period, 59-69; standards for, 29; under surveyor general, 39-45;
- - - water rights in, 58, 196-200. See also cases, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
land grant confirmation, 39, 40, 42, 45: under Court of Private Land Claims, 46-51;
- - - and Mexican law, 40, 46; United States v. Chaves, 50-51; United States v. Sandoval,
- - - 48, 49
land grant documentation, 23-24, 38-39
land grant heirs: court claims by, 231, 242, 243; dispossession of, 38, 42, 70; and Forest
- - - Service, 269-70; and ownership of common lands, 204, 209, 213, 215, 216
land grant procedures, 23-24
land grant size, 110
land grant speculation, 19, 40-43: and Father Hayes, 239-40; by Hispanos, 43; lawyers in,
- - - 43; and Las Vegas, 218-19; and McBroom, 241; of surveyor-general, 40-42; of Atkinson,
- - - 241; and Thomas B. Catron, 241, 348 n63
land grant studies, 58-59, 105, 121-23, 127, 137, 265-72: and litigation, 264-65; and Mexican
- - - land tenure, 265; and New Mexico, 263, 264-66, 268-69
land grants: abandonment of, 93, 302 n28; boundary marking, 24; in California, 32-37;
- - - conditions of, 18, 23-25, 93-94, 133, 237, 277 n26; federal ownership of, 269; and foreigners,
- - - 23, 26-27; as Indian defense policy, 147; land use on, 25-26; in Mexico, 13, 18-19;
- - - overlapping, 115-21; confirmation process, 110; and permanent settlements, 193;
- - - presumptions in, 110, 133-34, 136-37; procedural burdens in, 135-36; and small holding
- - - claims, 139; in Spain, 11-15; Spanish-Mexican law and, 114-15, 121; validity of, 131, 133-
- - - 37
land grants in New Mexico: community, 23, 24-25; conditions of, 23-25, 93-94; history
- - - of, 11, 13, 21-28; land use on, 25-26; and local government, 98; Mexican Period, 23, 27,
- - - 193-94; private, 23, 24-25; private allotments in, 24-25, 120-22; and propios, 87-88;
- - - selling of, 93; and Spanish Period, 23, 26-27, 193-94
Land Title Study, 3, 165
Lang, D.M., 161-62
Langham, John, 96-98
Las Animas grant, 39
Las Dispensas, 209
Las Siete Partidas, 15, 317 n36
Las Trampas grant, 121, 145-68, 266, 268, 272; amended complaints, 156-57; boundaries
- - - of, 147, 150-51; documentation in, 146-47; and Forest Service, 162-65; and Land Title
- - - Study, 165; and partition suit, 151-54, 156; and presumptions, 150; private property in,
- - - 149, 153; and quiet title suit, 157-58; and Referee Johnson, 152-53; and rights to commons,
- - - 149; sales of, 154-56; settlement pattern of, 145-46; Stumpage Appraisal Report, 162, 167;
- - - suit settlement, 157-58; survey of, 150-51, 153, 156, 158; and timber cutting, 151, 162, 165-68;
- - - trial of Domínguez-López, 165-68; use of common lands, 155; use-rights agreements, 158-
- - - 60, 162-68; use-rights suit, 264, 271
Las Trampas Lumber Company: 155-62
Las Vegas grant, 45, 156, 266; allotted lands in, 204, 207-09, 213; boundaries of, 177, 181,
- - - 190, 198; and Cartwright case, 182; common lands of, 190, 191, 194-96, 206, 207, 209, 210,
- - - 212-20; conditions of, 181-82; confirmation of, 203-04; East Las Vegas, 217-19; exclusive
- - - rights on, 212-13; fencing on, 215; growth of, 209-10; and John Scolly grant, 189, 191-92;
- - - and Surveyor General Julian, 111; and Manuelitas grant, 189, 190-91; management of,
- - - 217-21; and Milhiser case, 210-15; and military protection, 178-79; original
- - - grantees, 208, 210; and overlapping grants, 189-93; permanent settlement on, 182-83, 186;
- - - and pueblo rights doctrine, 196-200, 264; and Sanguijuela grant, 189-91; settlement
- - - pattern of, 171-73, 179-81, 182-83, 189, 193-94, 195-99; surveys of, 204-06, 207-09, 216; and
- - - Tecolote grant, 183-89; timber cutting on, 214-15; and Town of Las Vegas, 216-17; water
- - - rights on, 171, 196-200; West Las Vegas, 217
Las Vegas, 183, 198, 199
latifundio, 19 (private land grant)
Laughlin, Napoleon Bonaparte, 131, 249, 252, 257; and Jacona partition suit, 254-55; and
- - - Ramón Vigil grant, 243-44
laws: 1801 Enclosure Act, 267; of 1813, 79, 298 n28; Mexican Colonization Law of 1824, 23,
- - - 27, 33, 39, 114; of prescription, 50, 51; Law of 1828, 23-24, 26-27, 114, 180; Ley de Vagos, 180
lawbooks, lack of, 64-65
lawyers: conflict of interest and, 157; fees, 151, 154-55, 160, 161; during Mexican Period,
- - - 61-62; in Mexico, 15-16; in New Mexico, 61-64; in Spain, 60-61; and Spanish law, 15-16;
- - - unethical practices of, 42-43, 47-48, 162-63, 266
Leyba, Father José Francisco, 179-80
Lieb, Judge Thomas, 160
Liendre, 200, 209
Llano, 150, 158
Lobato, Juan José, 147, 149, 228; grant, 52-54, 266
Local officials, overlapping authority, 198
Long, Judge Elisha V., 211-15, 217, 220
Longwill, Robert H., 43
Los Alamos Ranch School, 245, 246
Los Alamos, 199, 209
Los Fuertes, 199
Los Ojos (Hot Springs), 183, 199
Los Trigos grant, 173
Los Vigiles, 183, 218
Louisiana treaty, 31, 33, 136, 265
Lower Puertecito, 207
López, José Paz, 165-68
López, Juana, 228
Luján, José Ignacio, 215
Machiavelli, Niccoló, 272
Madrid, Lorenzo , 92, 95
Madrid, Roque, 92
Maese, Juan de Dios, 181, 182, 190, 200
Maestas, Ron, 165
Manhattan Project, 245
Manuelitas grant, 189, 190-91, 192, 195
Márquez, Lorenzo, 171
Marshall, Chief Justice John, 32, 34, 136, 137
Martín, Francisco, 127, heirs 130
Martín, Mariano (Ramóns father), 77, 80
Martín, Sebastián, 147
Martín Serrano, Pedro, 110
Martínez de Montoya, Captain Juan, 22
Martínez, David Jr., 151-52, 154-55
Martínez, Francisco (son of Manuel), 42
Martínez, Governor Félix, 94, 95, 96
Martínez, Manuel, 42, 73, 74-79, 81
Martínez, Ramón, 73, 76, 80
Maxwell grant, 39, 40, 45, 266
Maynez, Governor Alberto, 66
Márquez, Juan, 127
McBroom, Deputy Surveyor William H., 150-51
McFarland, N.C., 150
McFie, Judge John R., 154, 254-55
McMillan, Alonzo, B., 145, 151, 168, 266, 271; and Las Trampas acquisition, 154-55
McMillan, Judge Daniel H., 154
Medina, Juan Lorenzo de, 92, 95
Melgares, Governor Facundo, 41, 82, 173, 176
Mendinueta, Governor Pedro Fermín de, 237
Mendoza, Governor Gaspar Domingo, 228-29
mercedes de tierras. See Land Grant
Mestas, Captain Juan de, 250
Mexican Indian, Tlascalán, 146-47
Mexican law: allotted lands under, 213; Colonization Law of 1824, 23, 27, 33, 39, 114; and
- - - confirmation, 40; and land grant rejection, 50; law of prescription, 51; Ley de Vagos,
- - - 180; and maximum grant size, 45; ownership of common lands under, 209-12; size
- - - limitation of grants, 100; use of common lands under, 213-14
Mexican Period: autonomy of local government in, 73-74, 82; customary law in, 73-74;
- - - duties of governor, 98; laws, 23, 24, 58; legal system in, 82-83
Mexican Revolution: and land tenure, 265
Mexico: audiencias in, 15-16; Plan of Pitic, 87-88; propios in, 87-88
Milhiser v. Padilla: 210-15, 220
military protection, of settlers, 178-180; merchants, 179; and smuggling, 178-79
Miller, David J., 235
Mills, Judge William J., 217, 218
Montecito, 130, 139-40
Montezuma, 206
Montoya, Jesús María, 191
Montoya, Salvador, 183
Mora grant, 191, 192, 195
Morán, Miguel, 92
Morrow, John, 162
Muller, Frederick, 244
municipal codes: under Roman law, 12
municipal commons, 299 n1
municipal lands. See tierras concegiles
municipal property, 87; as commons, 948, 99; funds of, 96, 98-100; lands and custom, 96,
- - - 100-01; protection of, 96; uses of under Spanish law, 87, 88
Muñis, Antonio Lucrecio, 131
Murphy, Lawrence, R., 266
Murray, Justice William W., 132
Nambé, 252
Narbona, Governor Antonio, 99, 176
National Forest land, 271: and small holding and homestead laws, 268
New Deal, 52
New Mexico asamblea, 191
New Mexico Land and Livestock Company, 41
New Mexico law: and Anglo-American law, 132-34; burden of proof in, 136; custom in, 132-
- - - 33, 135; customary law in, 133; land grant validity under, 131, 133-37; lawbooks in, 133,
- - - 135, presumptions in, 136-37
New Mexico lawsuits, 59
New Mexico legal system, 61, 62-69, 115; alcalde, 65; ayuntamiento, 65; civil court, 65;
- - - conciliación, 62-64; consistency in, 647; custom in, 73, 79, 81-83; customary law in,
- - - 67-69; judges in, 64; jurisdiction in, 65; lawbooks in, 64-65; lawyers in, 64; during
- - - Mexican Period, 73-74; oral procedures, 62-64; procedures in, 69; Protector de Indios,
- - - 62; Spanish Period, 73-74; Spanish-Mexican Period, 62-65; written procedure in, 62-64
New Mexico Supreme Court, 152; historical evidence not submitted to, 171-200; and Las
- - - Vegas settlement, 182, 196-98; and notice of suit to heirs, 152, 156; and water rights
- - - doctrine, 171, 197, 200
New Mexico territorial deputation, 77; and Cabesa de Baca, 176; duties of, 98-99; and
- - - Gallina settlers, 118, 120-21; and Las Vegas grant, 181; and Tecolote grant, 183
Nichols, John, 264
Noble, John W., 216
notice of suit to heirs, 152, 156
Nuestra Señora de los Dolores de Las Vegas, 182-83
Ocaté grant, 93-94
Ocaté, 179, 180
Ojito, 158
Ojitos Frios, 183, 193, 199
Ojo Caliente, 26, 134, 145
Ojo de la Cabra grant, 68-69
Ojo Sarco, 150, 153, 158
Ojos Calientes, 206
Oñate, Juan de, 11, 15, 22
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 245
Orejas del Llano de los Aguajes grant, 235-36
Ortiz Mine grant, 52
Ortiz y Alarid, Gaspar, 238
Ortiz, Antonio, 171, 173,
Ortiz, José María; allotments to Gallina, 115, 118-19; and original documents, 116
Ortiz, Judge Juan Rafael, 77, 79-80, 297 n24
Otero, Juan, 68-69
Overlapping claims, 40
Overlapping grants, 40, 171, 183, 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 204, 205
Padilla brothers: José, Francisco, Pablo, 210
Pajarito Club, 244-45
Pajarito Land Company, 245
Palen, Joseph G., 43
partition suit, 42-43, 255, 266, 271; and common lands, 42-43, 151-53; and Jacona, 254-55;
- - - and notice of suit to heirs, 152, 156-57, 254; and Las Trampas, 151-54; Priest v. Town
- - - of Las Vegas, 156-57; Rodríguez v. Las Cueva Ranch Co., 156-57
Pearson, Jim Berry, 266
Pecos Pueblo, 266
Pedro Sánchez grant: abandonment of, 229, 230; boundaries of, 228, 231-33; conditions
- - - of, 228; and documentation forgery, 225-27, 233-34; and Rito de los Frijoles boundaries,
- - - 236-37; and San Ildefonso boundaries, 229-30
Peláez, Captain Jacinto, 249, 250, 252
Pelham, Surveyor General William, 38-39, 40, 41, 133, 150, 204, 231, 235
Penitente brotherhood, 259
Peralta-Reavis grant, 236
Pérez, Governor Albino, 96-98, 182
Picuris Pueblo, 127-29: attacks and settlement patterns, 134
Piedra Lumbre grant, 108-10, 266
Pierce, F.H., 217
Pile, Governor, 240
Pino, Juan Estevan, 43, 62, 173-74, 189, 190, 234
Pino, Nicolás, 43
Pinto, Roque de, 92, 94
Plan of Pitic, 87-88
Plaza de los Garcías (Lagunas), 183, 199
Plaza del Burrito (Santa Ana), 183
Plaza del Torreón (Tecolote), 183
poblador principal, 41, 42, 108
Pojoaque Pueblo, 254
Pojoaque, 252
Polvadera grant, 52, 266
Pond, Ashley, 244-45, 246
Pope, William, 131
possession requirement, 10
prefect, power of, 137
preferential grazing rights, 52
Preston Beck grant, 173-74
presumptions, 44-45, 46-47, 110, 136-37; authority of granting official, 46, 137; continuous
- - - possession, 110, 133-34, 136-37; and Las Trampas grant, 150; grant regularity, 46; proof
- - - of existence of grant, 41, 46, 134, 136
Prince, L. Bradford, 43
principal settler. See poblador principal
priority dates, 263
private land grants: acquisition of grazing grants, 171, 174; alcalde allotment of, 121;
- - - as community grant, 258-59; conditions for, 23; exclusive rights on, 190-91; history of,
- - - 13; Jacona, 252, 257-58; in Mexico, 18-19; in New Mexico, 24-25; Ortiz grant, 173-74;
- - - Sanguijuela grant, 190; settlement pattern on, 174
private property: acquisition of common land as, 268; Federal Small Holding Claim, 268;
- - - Homestead laws, 268; and National Forest land, 268
procurador, 61
property rights guarantees, 34, 35. See Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
property rights, communal, 11
property rights, individual, 11
propios, 12, 87-88, 101; Ciénega as, 92, 96, 98-100
Protector de Indios, 62
Proudfit, Surveyor General James K., 41, 110, 252, 270
public domain :in Spain, 113-14, 121; in international law, 113-14
public domain, 38, 206; and Baca heirs (Las Vegas), 204; common lands as, 209;
- - - in international law, 113-14; in Spain, 113-14, 121
Pueblo Indians, 107, 194, 242, 246; and land privatization, 69; and legal representation,
- - - 62; and Pueblo League, 65-66, 229, 230; San Ildefonso, 227-30, 233-34; and water rights,
- - - 263 San Ildefonso, 227-30, 233-34; and Pueblo League, 229, 230
Pueblo League, 65-66, 229
Pueblo Quemado grant, 47, 145
Pueblo Revolt, 15, 22, 23, 145, 250, 264
pueblo rights doctrine, 171, 196-200
quiet title suits, 266
Quintana, Micaela, 228
Quintana, Miguel, 228
Ramón Vigil grant, 52; cattle on, 242-43; confirmation of, 231, 235, 237; sale to Smith and
- - - Sheldon, 239, 240; purchase by Hayes, 238; purchase from Sánchez heir, 225, 230-31; and
- - - Ramón Land and Lumber Co., 243-44; 1749 and 1851 sale documents, 231-34;
- - - survey of, 231, 238-39; timber cutting on, 243; United States purchase of, 246: use of
- - - by Smith-Sheldon, 242-43
Rancho del Rio Grande grant, 299 n40
Ranchos de Taos, 26
Raynolds, H.F., 154
Raynolds, Jefferson, 217
Reavis, James Addison, 236
Recopilación de las Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias, 16-18, 114; and propios, 87; and
- - - return of land to Indians, 94
Reed, Chief Justice Joseph R., 137-38
Renehan, Alois B., 26, 145, 154, 157, 161, 168, 271; and timber rights, 158-60; trickery of,
- - - 160, 162-63; and use-rights, 158-60, 162-64, 166
Reynolds, Matthew Givens,51, 111, 113, 134-36, 139, 268; and presumption of authority,
- - - 137; and San Joaquín brief, 122-23; and Spanish law compilation, 135-36
Rice, Special Agent Russell B., 208-09, 216
Rinconada, 130
Rio del Pueblo grant, 296 n7
Rito de los Frijoles grant, 236-37
Rivera, Manuel, 41
Rivera, Vicente, 178, 185, 186
Río Don Carlos grant, 39
Rodríguez, Melchor, 147
Rodríguez, Pedro Felipe, 147
Roman law, 15; municipal codes of, 12; in Spain, 11-12
Romero family: Eugenio, 214-15, 217, Cleofas, Margarito, 214-15
Romero, Cristobal, 150
Romero, Juan, 210
Roque Lovato grant, 240
royal land grants, 87
Roybal, Ignacio, 249, 250-51, 252
Roybal, Mateo, 251-52, 254
Roybal, Santiago, 251
rule revisions, 46-47
Salas, José Francisco, 177
Salazar, Francisco, 106-08, children of, 120
Salazar, Miguel, 214
Salazar, Tomás, 120
Salitre grant, 193
San Agustín, 209, 218
San Cristóbal grant, 43
San Gerónimo, 174, 186, 209
San Ildefonso Pueblo, 254; litigation with Ignacio Roybal, 250, 252; and Pedro Sánchez, 227-
- - - 30, 233-34
San Joaquín grant, 266, 268, 271, 316 n28; allotments on, 108, 112, 120; boundaries of, 108-13;
- - - common lands of, 105, 106, 108, 110-11, 112-13, 121; documents in, 105, 116-18; and
- - - Gallina, 115-21; making of, 106-08, 110-13, 121; private property in, 106, 108, 121; survey,
- - - 106, 110-12; water rights on, 308 n18
San José grant, 52
San Miguel del Bado grant, 48, 181-82, 268, 309 n35; and Cabesa de Baca grant, 176-77;
- - - customs house in, 178-79; and genízaros, 147; and grazing lands, 173; and military
- - - protection, 178; and population increase, 179-80; settlement of, 171-73, 174, 182; survey
- - - of, 205; and Tecolote grant, 185-89
Sandoval, Estanislado, grant, 192
Sangre de Cristo grant, 27, 39, 45
Sanguijuela grant, 189-91, 192, 194-95, 200, 209
Santa Barbara grant, 151
Santa Cruz de la Cañada, 191
Santa Fe Ring, 225, 266, 270; members of, 43, 145; and Surveyor General Julian, 43-44
Santa Fe, 146
Santa Rosa de Lima de Abiquiú, 145
Santa Teresa de Jesús grant, 236
Santa Teresa grant, 133
Santiago Boné grant, 189, 191, 192, 195, 301 n14
Santo Domingo Pueblo, 175
Sapello, 179, 180, 209
Sarracino, Governor Rafael, 68, 181
Sarracino, Prefect Francisco, 69
Sawyer, Deputy Surveyor, 150-51
Sawyer-McElroy survey, 238
Sánchez de Iñigo, Pedro, 228
Sánchez v. Fletcher, 242
Sánchez, Antonio, 231
Sánchez, Francisco, 230-31
Sánchez, Jacinto, 229
Sánchez, Pedro, 228; and Bartolomé Trujillo grant, 229; and Black Mesa grant, 228-29;
- - - and forgery of grant documents, 225-27; heirs of, 225, 230-31; petition for grant, 228
Scholes, Frances, 73-74
Scolly, John, grant, 189, 191-92, 195, 198; boundaries of, 204; survey of, 205
Sebastian Martín grant, 52, 127, 147
Segura, Eulogio, 210, 212
Sena, Felipe, 97
Sena, Tomás, 176
settlements: abandonment of, 174; and Indian raids, 134, 145-46, 149, 198; security of, 181-
- - - 82
settlement patterns, 129-30, 134, 145-46, 149-50, 171-73, 193-96; on community grants, 174,
- - - 177; and forfeited lands, 26; and genízaros, 147; and Indian defense policy, 147; and
- - - Indian raids, 26, 134, 145-46, 149, 198; at Las Vegas, 207-10, 220; in Mexico, 18-21; and
- - - military protection, 178-79, 192; in New Mexico, 18, 22, 24-26; and overpopulation, 146,
- - - 179; Plan of Pitic, 87-88; and private allotments, 106, 121-22; and propios, 87-88; and
- - - protection zones, 145-46; and Pueblo league, 230; and pueblo rights doctrine, 196-200;
- - - in Sapello area, 192; in Spain, 22, 87; and Spanish pueblo, 105-06, 198-99; and Tlascaláns,
- - - 146-47; and vagrant laws, 180; and water availability, 179-80, 198; and water rights,
- - - 196-200
Sheldon, Edward, 239, 240-41, 242
Shiras, Justice George, Jr. , 50-51
Sierra Mosca grant, 240
Silva, Benjamin Deputy U.S. Atty., 167
size limitation of grants, 39-40
Smith, Winfield, 239, 240-41, 242
solicitador, 61
Sorin, Edward, 238
Spanish law: Anglo-American procedural difference with, 69-70; appointment of experts
- - - in, 92; common land in, 87; compilation of by Reynolds, 135-36; court system in, 60;
customary law in, 27, 67, 68, 69, 73; and English common law, 267; establishment of
- - - legal codes in, 15; formal, 27; fuero, 59-60; and grant rejection,50; hearings in, 69;
- - - history of, 11-16; Las Siete Partidas, 67; law of prescription, 51, 252; lawyers' duties, 11,- - -
- - - 60-61; legal system of, 15-16; in Mexico, 13, 15-16; and powers of alcalde and escribano,
- - - 132; and presumptions, 135-37; and Recopilación, 16-18, 94, 114; and requirements for
- - - grant validity, 136-37, 139; Roman influence on, 11-12; in Spain, 60-61
Spanish law and custom: as force of law, 132-34; common land and, 87; propios and, 87-88;
- - - public land use in, 87-88; realengas, 87, 91; stubble grazing and, 90-91; tierras baldías in,
- - - 87; tierras concegiles in, 87, 105-06; village land and, 87-88
Spanish-Mexican law: and Anglo-American law, 122-23; as basis for adjudication, 59;
- - - boundary rule, 239; codified, 114; and common land ownership, 105, 114-15, 121; court
system under, 60; and custom, 115, 121-22; fuero in, 59-60; and government ownership of
- - - common land, 111, 112-15; and public domain, 113; validity of grants under, 59
Spanish-Mexican land systems, 38
Spanish Period: autonomy of local government in, 73-74, 81-82; lawsuits in, 58; legal
- - - system in, 82-83
Sparks, William, 151
Spencer, Surveyor General T. Rush, 41, 270
Spiess, Charles, 217
State Engineer of New Mexico, 263
Stone, Chief Justice Wilbur F., 112, 137-38
stubble grazing, 20-21, 26, 90-91; in Mexican Period, 301 n14; in Spain, 11
Stumpage Appraisal Report, 162, 167
Sulzbacher, Louis, 210
survey: of Antonio Ortiz grant, 206; under Surveyor General Atkinson, 241; Maxwell
- - - and Sangre de Cristo grants, 45; of land grants, 24; of Las Trampas grant, 150-51, 153,
- - - 158; of Las Vegas grant, 204-09; of private allotments, 207-09; of Ramón Vigil grant,
- - - 238-39; of San Joaquín grant, 110-12; of San Miguel del Bado grant, 205; and size
- - - limitation, 39-40; under Surveyor General, 34, 38-40; system, federal, 38; of
- - - Tecolote, 206
Surveyor General of New Mexico, 34, 37-45, 270, 272; adjudication under, 38-40, 235-36;
- - - confirmation rate, 37; corruption of, 41-42; and Court of Private Land Claims, 46;
- - - duties of, 38-40; and forgeries, 235-36; and overlapping claims, 40; reform attempt,
- - - 42-45; and Santa Fe Ring, 43; and speculators, 40-42
Tameling v. U.S. Freehold and Emigration Co., 206
Taney, Justice Roger, 37
Taos Pueblo, 57, 65-66, 193; and water rights adjudication, 263
Taos, 65-66, 67, 264-65
Taylor, Morris, F., 266
Tecolote grant, 182-83; boundaries of, 184-85, 198; second grant, 185-86; settlement of, 174,
- - - 185
Tesuque Pueblo, 254
Texas, land grants in, 265
Thompson, A.W., 218
Tierra Amarilla grant, 42, 75, 77, 121, 257, 272, 297 n22, 306 n7272
Tierra Amarilla, 3; courthouse raid, 165
tierras baldías, 87, 113
tierras concegiles, 87, 105-06, 113-14, 121
Tierras y Aguas, 115
tierras de pan llevar, 149, 307 n17, 307-08 n18
Tijerina, Reies López, 106
Tipton, William M., 47, 111, 235, 240; and archival evidence, 135; duties of, 235-36; and
- - - forgeries, 235-36; and Las Vegas survey, 207-09
Tlascaláns, 146
Tomé grant, 249
Tomé, 26
Torijay Leri, Fernando de, 230
Town of Bernalillo grant, 138
Town of Cieneguilla grant, 131, 134
Town of Tecolote grant, boundaries, 204; survey of, 205-06
Trampas, 149-50
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 28-37, 38, 50, 59, 115, 271; Article 8, 31-32, 34; Article 10,
- - - 29, 30, 34, 50; and California Board of Land Commissioners, 33-34; and 1851 California
- - - Act, 35; and Gadsden Treaty, 30; and property rights guarantees, 33-34; Protocol of
- - - Querétaro, 29-30, 35; terms of, 28-30; violations of, 135, 136, 142
Trist, Nicolas, 28, 29
Truchas, 25, 146
Trujillo, Bartolomé, 229
Twitchell, Ralph Emerson, 113, 121
Tyler, Daniel, 121, 219-220
Ulibarrí, José de Jesús, 181, 189
Ulibarrí, José Francisco, 190-91, 208
Ulibarrí, Pablo, 210, 212
Ulibarrí, Ramón, 208
Ulibarrí, Santiago, 171, 178, 189, 198; conflict of interest, 190; other grants made by,
- - - 192-93; and Sanguijuela grant, 189-91, 194-95;
Ulibarrí, Tomas, 208
United States: and burden of proof, 136; color of title, 141-42; and customary
- - - law, 21; Florida grants, 31-32, 33; and grant acquisition, 52-54; and grant
- - - ratification, 32; and grant rejection, 50; and Hispanic property rights, 52-54;
- - - and international law, 50, 51-52; jurisdiction over community grants, 258;
- - - and land grant guarantees, 30; and land law fraud, 38; and Las Trampas,
- - - 162; presumptions, 136-37; treaty obligations, 51-52
United States Congress: confirmation of Las Trampas grant, 150; and Court of Private
- - - Land Claims, 45; current legislation in, 123; fairness of, 40; and grant confirmation,
45, 203, 206; and land grant processing, 110; and surveyor-general system, 40
United States Supreme Court, 31, 32, 34-35, 132, 197, 267, 268; Botiller v. Dominguez, 34-35,
- - - 36; and burden of proof, 34; decisions, 36-37, 39-40, 46-47, 50-51; Gallina decision, 120;
- - - and Hispanic law, 48, 123; and land grant law, 136; and Las Vegas patent, 216-17; and
- - - Matthew Reynolds book, 135; San Joaquín decision, 105, 112-13; United States v.
- - - Percheman, 32, 34, 35
Uña del Gato grant, 240
Upper Town, Las Vegas, (San Antonio), 183, 199, 207
Use-rights agreements, 158-60, 162-68; under Anglo common law, 267
vagrant law, 180
Valdez, Juan Bautista, grant, 266
Valencia, 26
Valles de San Agustín (San Agustín), 183, 199
Valles de Tecolote (San Geronimo), 183, 198, 199
Van Ness, John, 266
Vargas, Diego de, 23, 250
Vassberg, David, 101
vecino, 13, 18, 147
Vega y Coca, Miguel José de la, 127, 129, 134
Velasco, Diego de, 92, 94, 95
Velez Cachupín, Governor Tomás, 25, 66-67, 68, 145-46, 147-49, 229-30
Vera Cruz Squadron, 99, 305 n67
viceroy, 16
Vigil, Donaciano, 43
Vigil, Ramón, 233-35
Villa of Santa Cruz de la Cañada, 145, 146
Villanueva, Vicente, 173, 176
Waddingham, Wilson, 217
Waldo, Henry L., 43
water rights, 91, 92, 94-95, 299 n40; in Arroyo Seco, 57; in Las Vegas, 171, 196, 199; and New
- - - Mexico custom, 307 n18; privatization of, 263, 271; and pueblo rights doctrine, 196-200
water rights adjudication, 252, 272; and Anglo-American law, 271; and burden of proof,
- - - 264; custom in, 57; experts in, 265; and loss of common lands, 271; in New Mexico,
- - - 57-59; and priority dates, 58, 263; in Taos, 263, 265
Watrous, 192
Watts, J.S., 231
Westland Development Corporation, 249
Westphall, Victor, 266
White Caps, See Gorras Blancas
White, Justice Edward D., 137
Whiting, David V., 235
Wilson, Francis, C., 244
wood gathering: use-rights for in Las Trampas, 164-68
Wright, E.R., 157
Zinn, Judge Frank, 263, 264, 271

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